An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson XVIII
A. Declension of Satthu
Satthu: m. Teacher | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | satth | satthro |
Voc. | sattha, satth | satthro |
Acc. | satthraµ | satthro, satthre |
Instr., Abl. | satthr | satthrebhi, satthrehi |
Dat., Gen. | satthu, satthuno, satthussa | satthrnaµ, satthnaµ |
Loc. | satthari | satthresu, satthusu |
bhattu, husband dtu, giver jetu, conqueror kattu, doer nattu, nephew tu, knower netu, leader sotu, hearer vattu, talker etc. are declined like "satthu". |
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Pitu: m. father | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | pit | pitaro |
Voc. | pita, pit | pitaro |
Acc. | pitaraµ | pitaro, pitare |
Instr., Abl. | pitar, pitun | pitèbhi, pitèhi, pitarebhi, pitarehi |
Dat., Gen. | pitu, pituno, pitussa | pitarnaµ, pit³naµ, pitunnaµ, pitnaµ |
Loc. | pitari | pitaresu, pitusu |
bhtu, brother is declined like "pitu". | ||
mtu, mother is also declined like "pitu" with the exception of the following: | ||
SINGULAR | ||
Inst., Abl. | mtar, mtuy | |
Dat., Gen. | mtu, mtuy | |
Dh´tu, duhitu - daughter, are declined like "mtu". |
B. Causal Forms (Krita)
Causals are formed by adding "e", "aya" to roots ending in "u" and "è", "pe", "paya" to roots ending in "" and all the four or two to the other roots. The terminations are added afterwards. All tenses, moods and participles have their own causal forms. The initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, often undergoes vuddhi substitute. Sometimes the vuddhi substitutes "e" and "o" are changed into "aya" and "ava" respectively.
Examples:-
paca + e + ti = pceti - causes to cook
paca + aya + ti = pcayati
paca + pe + ti = pcpeti
paca + paya + ti = pcpayati
pcesi, pcay´, pcpesi,
pcpay´, he caused to cook
pcessati, pcayissati, pcpessati,
pcpayissati, he will cause to cook
d + pe = dpeti - causes to give
d + paya = dpayati - causes to give
chidi + e + ti = chindeti - causes to cut
chidi + pe + ti = chindpeti - causes to cut
ni + pe + ti = naypeti - causes to lead
gamu + e + ti = gameti - causes to go
su + e + ti = sveti - causes to hear
bhè + e + ti = bhveti - develops (lit. causes to become)
Intransitive verbs become transitive,
and ordinary transitive verbs take two objects when they assume
causal forms.
Examples:-
Rukkho patati. The tree falls.
So rukkhaµ pteti. He makes the tree fall.
Dso odanaµ pacati. The servant is cooking rice.
So dsaµ odanaµ pceti. He makes the servant cook
rice.
Sometimes the agent of the causal verb
or, in other words the indirect object is put in the Instrumental
case e.g.,
So dsena odanaµ pceti.
In some cases the causal forms modify
the original meaning of the verb; e.g.,
vaca - to speak, vceti - reads
bhè - to be, bhveti - develops, cultivates
Exercise 18-A
1. | "Nam'atthu* satthuno." |
2. | "Tay sutaµ dhammaµ amhe'pi svehi." |
3. | Satth svake dhammaµ despeti (or svakehi). |
4. | Pit puttaµ gmaµ gameti. |
5. | Mt attano dh´taraµ nahpetv pÊhaslaµ pesesi. |
6. | Bhatt attano bhariyya atithayo saºgaöhpesi. |
7. | Dh´taro, dsehi drèni harpetv aggiµ dpetha. |
8. | Dh´tèhi mtaro ca pitaro ca rakkhitabb, mtèhi ca pitèhi ca dh´taro rakkhitabb. |
9. | Mt dh´tare satthraµ vandpeti. |
10. | Ahaµ mtuy ca pitar ca saddhiµ rmaµ gantv te dhammaµ svessmi. |
11. | Mtula, mayaµ pana tava nattro homa. Tasm no sdhukaµ uggaöhpehi. |
12. | Satth sotre saccni bodhento gm gmaµ nagar nagaraµ vicarati. |
13. | Tesaµ raÊÊhe dhitimante netre na passma. |
14. | Mtari ca pitari ca darena mayhaµ bhatt attano dhanena mahantaµ gharaµ krpetv te tattha vaspesi. |
*Namo + atthu = nam'atthu
atthu - Benedictive mood 3rd person singular of asa - to be.
Exercise 18-B
1. | Talkers are not always doers. |
2. | The leaders are not always conquerors. |
3. | My father taught my brother well and made him a leader of the country. |
4. | I made my mother give alms to the disciples of the Teacher. |
5. | My nephew is reading the letter sent by his father. |
6. | Virtuous daughters cause their husbands to treat their mothers and fathers well. |
7. | Daily my father and mother cultivate good-will towards all beings and advise us also to do likewise. |
8. | Of my two brothers one is a talker and the other is a doer. |
9. | I do not cause my servants to give food to my husband. |
10. | Let the Teacher cause the monks to preach the Doctrine. There will be knowers. They will understand the Truth and make others realise their Deliverance. |
11. | Our father made our brothers cut the trees in the garden. |
12. | The conquerors caused the people to erect a large hall in the kingdom. |
13. | Daughters, you should not do evil, nor cause others to do evil. |
14. | The monks should neither dig the ground nor cause others to dig the ground. |